![]() ![]() This excludes most electrochemical couples that occur above the output voltage of 1.5 V, which limits the enhancement in energy density of full devices ( Lu et al., 2011 Kim et al., 2014 Jiang et al., 2019a Liu et al., 2020). However, the electrochemical stability voltage window of aqueous batteries is as narrow as ~1.23 V, which seriously restricts the optimal choice of cathode and anode materials due to the existence of hydrogen and/or oxygen evolution reactions. The aqueous batteries display distinct merits, including low cost, high safety, high electronic conductivity, mild assembly environment, and so on ( Wang et al., 2007 Baskar et al., 2014 Huang et al., 2019a). Consequently, aqueous electrolytes have been established as promising alternative candidates for advanced rechargeable batteries since their first application in lithium ion batteries (LIBs) ( Li et al., 1994). Although traditional organic electrolytes have exhibited appealing applications in rechargeable batteries, they inherently contain a large amount of expensive yet flammable organic solvents with certain levels of toxicity, which makes the device assembly conditions relatively harsh ( Wang et al., 2012 Xu and Wang, 2016 Yang et al., 2019a). As an important component of batteries, the electrolytes play a vital role in the superior electrochemical performance of batteries, and have attracted more and more attention in recent years ( Kandhasamy et al., 2012 Yan et al., 2012 Suo et al., 2013). Thus, how to effectively select appropriate materials involved in batteries has become an important and challenging topic. Recently, the safety issues and production costs of rechargeable batteries become the main factors restricting their commercial applications in portable electronic devices (PED), electrical vehicles (EV), and stationary electronic energy storage systems (EESs) ( Wang et al., 2007 Suo et al., 2015 Lukatskaya et al., 2018). Challenges and prospects are also proposed for WIS electrolytes toward aqueous non-lithium rechargeable metal ion batteries. In the mini review, we summarize the latest progress and contributions of various aqueous electrolytes for non-lithium (Na +, K +, Zn 2+, Mg 2+, and Al 3+) based rechargeable batteries, and give a brief exploration of the operating mechanisms of WIS electrolytes in expanding electrochemically stable windows. Encouragingly, the highly concentrated “water-in-salt” (WIS) electrolytes can efficiently expand the stable operation window, which brings up a series of aqueous high-voltage rechargeable batteries. However, the aqueous electrolytes with high ionic conductivity are always restricted by their intrinsically narrow electrochemical window. School of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, ChinaĪqueous non-lithium based rechargeable batteries are emerging as promising energy storage devices thanks to their attractive rate capacities, long-cycle life, high safety, low cost, environmental-friendliness, and easy assembly conditions.Yuyan Wang, Xiaotang Meng, Jinfeng Sun, Yang Liu and Linrui Hou * ![]()
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